In a large mixing bowl, combine all-purpose flour, powdered sugar, and salt, whisking them together until combined. Cut in the cold cubed butter using a pastry cutter or fingers until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs.

Mix in the egg yolk and ice water, stirring until a dough forms. Shape into a disk, wrap in plastic, and refrigerate for 30 minutes.

While the dough chills, peel and slice the apples thinly, then toss with lemon juice, brown sugar, granulated sugar, flour, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla extract.

Allow the mixture to sit for about 10-15 minutes to let flavors meld.

On a lightly floured surface, roll out the chilled dough into a 12-inch circle, about 1/8 inch thick. Place in a 9-inch pie dish, trim excess, and crimp edges if desired.

Preheat your oven to 375°F (190°C). Pour the spiced apple mixture into the prepared crust and dot with butter.

Bake for 50-60 minutes until the crust is golden-brown and the filling is bubbling. Cool for at least 2 hours before slicing.